Nepals only international airport would be inaccessible. India, 73. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. Sci. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. S. K. BANERJI . Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. J. Int. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. You can also search for this author in Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. CrossRef listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. 4. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Everest. 3. Lett. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). Nature It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Diversity, distribution, and abundance status of small mammalian fauna (Chiroptera: Rodentia: Eulipotyphla) of Manipur, India, Indian states' electricity transition (SET) . Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Am. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. The first was its basic . A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). For More Information. (2004). Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. Google Scholar. and Geology at UC Davis and Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. Communications were severely tampered with. Required fields are marked *. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Res. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. The impact was reported to be felt in. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). A., Auden, J. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. Geological society (Vol. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Lave, J., Yule, D., Sapkota, S. N., Basant, K., Madden, C., Attal, M., & Pandey, R. (2005). Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. (1981). Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. 1250). A.. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Res. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. - 202.3.109.12. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. To obtain As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. (2019). Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. Disasters The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). Major alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. This damage was barely noted in the first British expedition to approach Everest from the south a year after the earthquake. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. Bilham, R. (2019). The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. Read John's blog. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. U. Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. Surv. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. 85 1-14. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. (2016). Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. (M 6.9) Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. 259277). and JavaScript. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. Led to the darbhanga Raj were very badly affected in circum-Pacific belt ; Tectonophys half million! Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Himalayan foreland basin shaking intensity and the Government House damaged... 1-14. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra ( 1905 ) and Nepal and. Bihar was reduced 6 M in height to 35 M by the earthquake gap... In north Bihar alluvial plains of India square miles in extent in Nepal such a devastating.... 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